在Kubernetes源码分析– API Server之API Install篇中，我们了解到K8S可以支持多版本的API，但是Rest API的不同版本中接口的输入输出参数的格式是有差别的，Kubernetes是怎么处理这个问题的呢？另外Kubernetes支持yaml、json两个格式的配置，同时又能够支持json、yaml和pb等格式的编解码进行协议传输，那么Kubernetes又是如何实现各种数据对象的序列化、反序列化的呢？

runtime.Scheme

Serializer

Serializer是用于对象于序列化格式之间进行转的核心接口，它的定义如下所示：

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// Encoders write objects to a serialized form
type Encoder interface {
    // Encode writes an object to a stream. Implementations may return errors if the versions are
    // incompatible, or if no conversion is defined.
    Encode(obj Object, w io.Writer) error
}

// Decoders attempt to load an object from data.
type Decoder interface {
    // Decode attempts to deserialize the provided data using either the innate typing of the scheme or the
    // default kind, group, and version provided. It returns a decoded object as well as the kind, group, and
    // version from the serialized data, or an error. If into is non-nil, it will be used as the target type
    // and implementations may choose to use it rather than reallocating an object. However, the object is not
    // guaranteed to be populated. The returned object is not guaranteed to match into. If defaults are
    // provided, they are applied to the data by default. If no defaults or partial defaults are provided, the
    // type of the into may be used to guide conversion decisions.
    Decode(data []byte, defaults *schema.GroupVersionKind, into Object) (Object, *schema.GroupVersionKind, error)
}

// Serializer is the core interface for transforming objects into a serialized format and back.
// Implementations may choose to perform conversion of the object, but no assumptions should be made.
type Serializer interface {
    Encoder
    Decoder
}

目前系统支持的序列化格式有三种：json、yaml和protobuf。可以参考下一节CodecFactory，这里描述了三种序列化格式的初始化。

json与yaml序列化

json与yaml序列化的代码在k8s.io/apimachinary/pkg/runtime/serializer/json/json.go，他们共享一个结构，如下所示：

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type Serializer struct {
    meta    MetaFactory
    creater runtime.ObjectCreater       // 用于创建对应Group、版本、kind的资源数据对象实例，一般来说这里会传入Scheme对象
    typer   runtime.ObjectTyper         // 用于从资源数据对象获取对应的Group、Version和Kind，一般来说这里会传入Scheme对象
    yaml    bool                        // 是否yaml
    pretty  bool                        // 是否pretty格式，只有josn支持
}

通过成员 yaml来区分是json还是yaml序列化器；creater和typer成员传入的都是Scheme对象，前面我们分析过Scheme，它可以让我们根据GVK来创建对应的实例，并可以判断一个对象的GVK，这将在我们后续的编解码过程中起到重要作用；而meta成员是一个MetaFactory的对象，它主要用于从序列化数据（这里就是json或者yaml）中获得对象的GroupVersionKind。（下一节也有说明）

下面我们看看Encode方法，Encode方法比较简单，只需要按需把对象，转换为json或yaml格式即可。代码如下所示：

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// Encode serializes the provided object to the given writer.
func (s *Serializer) Encode(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
    // 看起来针对yaml和pretty需要用到gitlib下面的jsoniter库来完成
    if s.yaml {
        json, err := jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary.Marshal(obj)
        if err != nil {
            return err
        }
        data, err := yaml.JSONToYAML(json)
        if err != nil {
            return err
        }
        _, err = w.Write(data)
        return err
    }

    if s.pretty {
        data, err := jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary.MarshalIndent(obj, "", "  ")
        if err != nil {
            return err
        }
        _, err = w.Write(data)
        return err
    }
    // 而针对普通的json序列器，直接通过json.Encoder编码即可
    encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)
    return encoder.Encode(obj)
}

Decode比较复杂，它尝试把提供的数据转换成YAML或者JSON，从中提取出其中存储的schema、kind，并合并缺省的gvk，然后在数据加载到对象中，注意该对象满足前面指定的schema、kind。或者也可以指定into字段（这时候会加载到into对象中）。

如果into为*runtime.Unknown，则不会执行解码操邹，而直接把裸数据提取出来。
如果into没有在typer(也就是Scheme)中注册，那么对象将会从JSON/YAML中直接解码（unmarshalling）
如果into为nil或者提供的数据对象的gvk与into的gvk不同，那么将会基于ObjectCreater.New(gvk)创建出一个新的对象从上面的分析，可以看出：gvk的计算优先级为：originalData > default gvk > into。具体的代码如下所示：

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func (s *Serializer) Decode(originalData []byte, gvk *schema.GroupVersionKind, into runtime.Object) (runtime.Object, *schema.GroupVersionKind, error) {
    if versioned, ok := into.(*runtime.VersionedObjects); ok {
        into = versioned.Last()
        obj, actual, err := s.Decode(originalData, gvk, into)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, actual, err
        }
        versioned.Objects = []runtime.Object{obj}
        return versioned, actual, nil
    }

    data := originalData
    if s.yaml {
        altered, err := yaml.YAMLToJSON(data)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, nil, err
        }
        data = altered
    }

    actual, err := s.meta.Interpret(data)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }

    if gvk != nil {
        *actual = gvkWithDefaults(*actual, *gvk)
    }

    if unk, ok := into.(*runtime.Unknown); ok && unk != nil {
        unk.Raw = originalData
        unk.ContentType = runtime.ContentTypeJSON
        unk.GetObjectKind().SetGroupVersionKind(*actual)
        return unk, actual, nil
    }

    if into != nil {
        _, isUnstructured := into.(runtime.Unstructured)
        types, _, err := s.typer.ObjectKinds(into)
        switch {
        case runtime.IsNotRegisteredError(err), isUnstructured:
            if err := jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary.Unmarshal(data, into); err != nil {
                return nil, actual, err
            }
            return into, actual, nil
        case err != nil:
            return nil, actual, err
        default:
            *actual = gvkWithDefaults(*actual, types[0])
        }
    }

    if len(actual.Kind) == 0 {
        return nil, actual, runtime.NewMissingKindErr(string(originalData))
    }
    if len(actual.Version) == 0 {
        return nil, actual, runtime.NewMissingVersionErr(string(originalData))
    }

    // use the target if necessary
    obj, err := runtime.UseOrCreateObject(s.typer, s.creater, *actual, into)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, actual, err
    }

    if err := jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary.Unmarshal(data, obj); err != nil {
        return nil, actual, err
    }
    return obj, actual, nil
}

CodecFactory

在这里，我们需要首先说明一下CodecFactory实现的接口StorageSerializer，StorageSerializer是一个接口，用来获取encoders,decoders和serailaizers，通过这些序列化器我们可以基于REST来读写数据。通常被client工具使用，这些客户端工具用于读取文件或者持久化restful对象的server存储接口。

而CodecFactory就是StorageSerializer的实现类。在BuildStorageFactory中，我们可以看到调用kubeapiserver.NewStorageFactory方法时传入了legacyscheme.Codecs到第三个参数（该参数类型为runtime.StorageSerializer）。

CodecFactory提供了方法来获取某个指定版本和内容类型的codecs和serializers，它的定义如下所示：

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type CodecFactory struct {
    scheme      *runtime.Scheme
    serializers []serializerType
    universal   runtime.Decoder
    accepts     []runtime.SerializerInfo

    legacySerializer runtime.Serializer
}

NewCodecFactory提供了方法来获取序列化对象，这些序列化对象为支持的传输格式进行编解码，也能为首选的内部和外部版本的转换封装。在将来，内部版本会越来越少使用，调用者可能会使用缺省序列化器来取而代之，然后只需要转回内部共享的对象，如：Status，常用的API对象。

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func NewCodecFactory(scheme *runtime.Scheme) CodecFactory {
    serializers := newSerializersForScheme(scheme, json.DefaultMetaFactory)
    return newCodecFactory(scheme, serializers)
}

这里分为两个步骤：

第一个步骤：生成所有支持的序列化器这里会采用一些缺省支持的协议，一般包括：json、yaml、protobuf。从newSerializersForScheme的代码可以看出。

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func newSerializersForScheme(scheme *runtime.Scheme, mf json.MetaFactory) []serializerType {
    jsonSerializer := json.NewSerializer(mf, scheme, scheme, false)
    jsonPrettySerializer := json.NewSerializer(mf, scheme, scheme, true)
    yamlSerializer := json.NewYAMLSerializer(mf, scheme, scheme)

    serializers := []serializerType{
        {
            AcceptContentTypes: []string{"application/json"},
            ContentType:        "application/json",
            FileExtensions:     []string{"json"},
            EncodesAsText:      true,
            Serializer:         jsonSerializer,
            PrettySerializer:   jsonPrettySerializer,

            Framer:           json.Framer,
            StreamSerializer: jsonSerializer,
        },
        {
            AcceptContentTypes: []string{"application/yaml"},
            ContentType:        "application/yaml",
            FileExtensions:     []string{"yaml"},
            EncodesAsText:      true,
            Serializer:         yamlSerializer,
        },
    }

    for _, fn := range serializerExtensions {
        if serializer, ok := fn(scheme); ok {
            serializers = append(serializers, serializer)
        }
    }
    return serializers
}

那么这里没有看到protobuf的身影，但是上面的代码中，用到了serializerExtensions，它是一个全局变量，我们在k8s.io/apimachinenry/pkg/runtime/serializer/protobuf_extension.go文件中，找到了它的身影：

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func init() {
    serializerExtensions = append(serializerExtensions, protobufSerializer)
}

另外一个MetaFactory的作用是什么？ MetaFactory用于从字符串中解析出version和kind数据。一般是json数据格式的，它有个缺省实现为DefaultMetaFactory，它的实现如下：输入的二进制数据：{“apiVersion”:“apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1”, “kind”: “object”} 那么解析出来的得到:schema.GroupVersionKind{Group:“apiextensions.k8s.io”, Version:“v1beta1”, Kind: “object”}

第二个步骤：生成Codec工厂实例

newCodeFactory是一个帮助类，用于生成CodecFactory实例，它的主要功能，基于输入的序列化对象集合生成以下几项：

1 统一的decode 2 传统serializer（一般是Json） 3 可接受的编码类型

然后基于这几项数据，生成CodecFactory实例。

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func newCodecFactory(scheme *runtime.Scheme, serializers []serializerType) CodecFactory {
    decoders := make([]runtime.Decoder, 0, len(serializers))
    var accepts []runtime.SerializerInfo
    alreadyAccepted := make(map[string]struct{})

    var legacySerializer runtime.Serializer
    for _, d := range serializers {
        decoders = append(decoders, d.Serializer)
        for _, mediaType := range d.AcceptContentTypes {
            if _, ok := alreadyAccepted[mediaType]; ok {
                continue
            }
            alreadyAccepted[mediaType] = struct{}{}
            info := runtime.SerializerInfo{
                MediaType:        d.ContentType,
                EncodesAsText:    d.EncodesAsText,
                Serializer:       d.Serializer,
                PrettySerializer: d.PrettySerializer,
            }
            if d.StreamSerializer != nil {
                info.StreamSerializer = &runtime.StreamSerializerInfo{
                    Serializer:    d.StreamSerializer,
                    EncodesAsText: d.EncodesAsText,
                    Framer:        d.Framer,
                }
            }
            accepts = append(accepts, info)
            if mediaType == runtime.ContentTypeJSON {
                legacySerializer = d.Serializer
            }
        }
    }
    if legacySerializer == nil {
        legacySerializer = serializers[0].Serializer
    }

    return CodecFactory{
        scheme:      scheme,
        serializers: serializers,
        universal:   recognizer.NewDecoder(decoders...),

        accepts: accepts,

        legacySerializer: legacySerializer,
    }
}

我们先看一下StorageSerializer的定义：

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type StorageSerializer interface {
    // SupportedMediaTypes are the media types supported for reading and writing objects.
    SupportedMediaTypes() []SerializerInfo

    // UniversalDeserializer returns a Serializer that can read objects in multiple supported formats
    // by introspecting the data at rest.
    UniversalDeserializer() Decoder

    // 返回一个encoder，该encoder能够保证写入底层序列化器的对象是指定的GV
    // EncoderForVersion returns an encoder that ensures objects being written to the provided
    // serializer are in the provided group version.
    EncoderForVersion(serializer Encoder, gv GroupVersioner) Encoder

    // 返回一个decoder，该decoder能够保证被底层序列化器的反序列化的对象是指定的GV
    // DecoderForVersion returns a decoder that ensures objects being read by the provided
    // serializer are in the provided group version by default.
    DecoderToVersion(serializer Decoder, gv GroupVersioner) Decoder
}

Encoder是一个接口，它负责把对象序列化写入到io中，但是它不关心具体的对象的GVK，同样Decoder也是如此，从字节码解码出对象出来。

而K8S在考虑了对多种版本的支撑能力，而它需要在存储时保证写入指定的版本，但是在接口层面程序层面又能够支撑多种版本，所以Codec就应运而生，Codec的定义如下所示：

Codec is a Serializer that deals with the details of versioning objects. It offers the same // interface as Serializer, so this is a marker to consumers that care about the version of the objects // they receive. type Codec Serializer

Codec也是由两部分组成：编码器与解码器，但是它要考虑版本功能，所以StorageSerializer提供了两个方法EncoderForVersion和DecoderToVersion来生成支持按指定版本进行序列化与反序列化的编解码器。我们来看看CodecFactory的这两个函数的具体实现。

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// CodecForVersions creates a codec with the provided serializer. If an object is decoded and its group is not in the list,
// it will default to runtime.APIVersionInternal. If encode is not specified for an object's group, the object is not
// converted. If encode or decode are nil, no conversion is performed.
func (f CodecFactory) CodecForVersions(encoder runtime.Encoder, decoder runtime.Decoder, encode runtime.GroupVersioner, decode runtime.GroupVersioner) runtime.Codec {
    // TODO: these are for backcompat, remove them in the future
    if encode == nil {
        encode = runtime.DisabledGroupVersioner
    }
    if decode == nil {
        decode = runtime.InternalGroupVersioner
    }
    return versioning.NewDefaultingCodecForScheme(f.scheme, encoder, decoder, encode, decode)
}

// DecoderToVersion returns a decoder that targets the provided group version.
func (f CodecFactory) DecoderToVersion(decoder runtime.Decoder, gv runtime.GroupVersioner) runtime.Decoder {
    return f.CodecForVersions(nil, decoder, nil, gv)
}

// EncoderForVersion returns an encoder that targets the provided group version.
func (f CodecFactory) EncoderForVersion(encoder runtime.Encoder, gv runtime.GroupVersioner) runtime.Encoder {
    return f.CodecForVersions(encoder, nil, gv, nil)
}

从上代码来看，EncoderForVersion与DecodeToVersion都最终调用了同样的方法，如下所示：

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func NewDefaultingCodecForScheme(
    // TODO: I should be a scheme interface?
    scheme *runtime.Scheme,
    encoder runtime.Encoder,
    decoder runtime.Decoder,
    encodeVersion runtime.GroupVersioner,
    decodeVersion runtime.GroupVersioner,
) runtime.Codec {
    return NewCodec(encoder, decoder, runtime.UnsafeObjectConvertor(scheme), scheme, scheme, scheme, encodeVersion, decodeVersion)
}

生成对象版本转换实例
这里我们首先分析一下UnsafeObjectConverter的调用，它负责把scheme变成一个ObjectConvertor接口，ObjectConvertor负责把一个对象转换为另外一个不同的版本，对应的代码如下所示：

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func UnsafeObjectConvertor(scheme *Scheme) ObjectConvertor {
    return unsafeObjectConvertor{scheme}
}
// unsafeObjectConvertor的定义
type unsafeObjectConvertor struct {
    *Scheme
}

type ObjectConvertor interface {
    // Convert attempts to convert one object into another, or returns an error. This method does
    // not guarantee the in object is not mutated. The context argument will be passed to
    // all nested conversions.
    Convert(in, out, context interface{}) error
    // ConvertToVersion takes the provided object and converts it the provided version. This
    // method does not guarantee that the in object is not mutated. This method is similar to
    // Convert() but handles specific details of choosing the correct output version.
    ConvertToVersion(in Object, gv GroupVersioner) (out Object, err error)
    ConvertFieldLabel(version, kind, label, value string) (string, string, error)
}

下面分析一下unsafeObjectObject的具体方法的实现，我们在最终变换版本的时候，是如何实现的：

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// ConvertToVersion converts in to the provided outVersion without copying the input first, which
// is only safe if the output object is not mutated or reused.
func (c unsafeObjectConvertor) ConvertToVersion(in Object, outVersion GroupVersioner) (Object, error) {
    return c.Scheme.UnsafeConvertToVersion(in, outVersion)
}

再次回到Scheme结构负责版本转换的方法，这里调用的UnsafeConvertToVersion方法，Scheme还有一个ConvertToVersion的方法，两者都是调用底层的convertToVersion方法，只是第一个参数不同。安全转换在两种情况下会报错：目标版本不包括inKind类型的资源数据，转换不能得到有效的对象。不安全转换输出的对象不与输入对象共享字段，会尝试以最高效率执行转换操作。

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// UnsafeConvertToVersion will convert in to the provided target if such a conversion is possible,
// but does not guarantee the output object does not share fields with the input object. It attempts to be as
// efficient as possible when doing conversion.
func (s *Scheme) UnsafeConvertToVersion(in Object, target GroupVersioner) (Object, error) {
    return s.convertToVersion(false, in, target)
}

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// convertToVersion handles conversion with an optional copy.
func (s *Scheme) convertToVersion(copy bool, in Object, target GroupVersioner) (Object, error) {
    var t reflect.Type

    if u, ok := in.(Unstructured); ok {
        typed, err := s.unstructuredToTyped(u)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }

        in = typed
        // unstructuredToTyped returns an Object, which must be a pointer to a struct.
        t = reflect.TypeOf(in).Elem()   // 从指针转换为一个结构对象

    } else {
        // determine the incoming kinds with as few allocations as possible.
        t = reflect.TypeOf(in)  // 只有指针对象才能被转换
        if t.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("only pointer types may be converted: %v", t)
        }
        t = t.Elem()        // 得到指针的结构对象
        if t.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("only pointers to struct types may be converted: %v", t)
        }
    }

    kinds, ok := s.typeToGVK[t]     // 得到存储在scheme中的GVK数据，可能有多个
    if !ok || len(kinds) == 0 {
        return nil, NewNotRegisteredErrForType(t)
    }

    gvk, ok := target.KindForGroupVersionKinds(kinds)   // 基于GroupVersioner从源GVKs得到统一的最终目标GVK，
                                                        // 譬如存储到ETCD来说，同时希望按照统一的版本来存储。
    if !ok {
        // try to see if this type is listed as unversioned (for legacy support)
        // TODO: when we move to server API versions, we should completely remove the unversioned concept
        if unversionedKind, ok := s.unversionedTypes[t]; ok {
            if gvk, ok := target.KindForGroupVersionKinds([]schema.GroupVersionKind{unversionedKind}); ok {
                return copyAndSetTargetKind(copy, in, gvk)
            }
            return copyAndSetTargetKind(copy, in, unversionedKind)
        }
        return nil, NewNotRegisteredErrForTarget(t, target)
    }

    // target wants to use the existing type, set kind and return (no conversion necessary)
    for _, kind := range kinds {    // 如果gvk 是kinds中的一种，那说明版本一致，资源对象结构一致，我们只需要把对象内容拷贝出来，并设置好目标GVK即可。
        if gvk == kind {
            return copyAndSetTargetKind(copy, in, gvk)
        }
    }

    // 如果类型是unversioned，那么没有转化你的必要
    // type is unversioned, no conversion necessary
    if unversionedKind, ok := s.unversionedTypes[t]; ok {
        if gvk, ok := target.KindForGroupVersionKinds([]schema.GroupVersionKind{unversionedKind}); ok {
            return copyAndSetTargetKind(copy, in, gvk)
        }
        return copyAndSetTargetKind(copy, in, unversionedKind)
    }

    out, err := s.New(gvk)      // 从Scheme中，按照gvk创建出一个对应的gvk的对象出来。
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    // copy 标识是需要安全转换，安全转换会执行DeepCopy，这样就不会存在目标对象于源对象共享 Field的情况了。
    if copy {
        in = in.DeepCopyObject()
    }

    // 类型转换，基于converter成员来完成转换工作，这块需要专门分析
    flags, meta := s.generateConvertMeta(in)
    meta.Context = target
    if err := s.converter.Convert(in, out, flags, meta); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    // 设置目标GVK
    setTargetKind(out, gvk)
    return out, nil
}

TODO：具体的converter如何实现不同版本对象的转换，我们分出新的章节来讨论。

回到NewDefaultingCodecForScheme函数中对NewCodec函数的调用

前面已经分析了runtime.UnsafeObjectConvertor会生成一个ObjectConvetor，它会负责把对象转换成我们的目标GVK。现在回到NewCodec方法的内容。这里的代码也就不贴出来了，其实他就是生成了一个codec实例。下面是codec结构的定义，它实现了Codec(Serializer)接口：

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type codec struct {
    encoder   runtime.Encoder
    decoder   runtime.Decoder
    convertor runtime.ObjectConvertor
    creater   runtime.ObjectCreater
    typer     runtime.ObjectTyper
    defaulter runtime.ObjectDefaulter

    encodeVersion runtime.GroupVersioner
    decodeVersion runtime.GroupVersioner
}

观察一下它的Encode方法，如下所示，它会在有必要的情况调用convertor把源对象转换成目标GVK的对象后，在调用encoder进行序列化。

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// Encode ensures the provided object is output in the appropriate group and version, invoking
// conversion if necessary. Unversioned objects (according to the ObjectTyper) are output as is.
func (c *codec) Encode(obj runtime.Object, w io.Writer) error {
    switch obj.(type) {
    case *runtime.Unknown, runtime.Unstructured:
        return c.encoder.Encode(obj, w)
    }

    gvks, isUnversioned, err := c.typer.ObjectKinds(obj)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    if c.encodeVersion == nil || isUnversioned {
        if e, ok := obj.(runtime.NestedObjectEncoder); ok {
            if err := e.EncodeNestedObjects(DirectEncoder{Encoder: c.encoder, ObjectTyper: c.typer}); err != nil {
                return err
            }
        }
        objectKind := obj.GetObjectKind()
        old := objectKind.GroupVersionKind()
        objectKind.SetGroupVersionKind(gvks[0])
        err = c.encoder.Encode(obj, w)
        objectKind.SetGroupVersionKind(old)
        return err
    }

    // Perform a conversion if necessary
    objectKind := obj.GetObjectKind()
    old := objectKind.GroupVersionKind()
    out, err := c.convertor.ConvertToVersion(obj, c.encodeVersion)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    if e, ok := out.(runtime.NestedObjectEncoder); ok {
        if err := e.EncodeNestedObjects(DirectEncoder{Version: c.encodeVersion, Encoder: c.encoder, ObjectTyper: c.typer}); err != nil {
            return err
        }
    }

    // Conversion is responsible for setting the proper group, version, and kind onto the outgoing object
    err = c.encoder.Encode(out, w)
    // restore the old GVK, in case conversion returned the same object
    objectKind.SetGroupVersionKind(old)
    return err
}